Telecom, Terror and Digital Economy in Ethiopia: Part I
By: Samuel M. Gebru (@SMGebru), Cambridge, MA, United States
Author’s Note: This is the first in a two-part series entitled
Telecom, Terror and Digital Economy in Ethiopia. In this part, I
highlight what the proposed Proclamation on Telecom Fraud Offenses
states. In part two, I will provide my direct opinions on Ethiopia’s
digital economy and suggest ways to move forward by following the lead
of other African economies.
There has been a recent buzz through news and social media networks
lately on a plan, as initially reported by Al Jazeera, which would
criminalize Voice Over Internet Protocol (VOIP) services such as Google
Talk and Skype in Ethiopia.
By Charlayne Hunter-Gault, 19 June 2012 ,guest column
Nowhere across Africa is the message that its
people want a way out of what I call "the four Ds" - death, disease,
disaster and despair - more resounding than among the continent's
journalists. In nation after nation, they are attempting to inform their people of
their rights and encourage them to hold their governments accountable.
For that, many of them are being held accountable in the most draconian
ways.
With major European economies
on the brink of collapse, world leaders concluding an annual Group of 20
meeting were left Tuesday with two different paths to ease the
financial crisis: Spend more to try to stimulate growth or slash budgets
in a bid to restore investor confidence.
For the past two decades, Ethiopia has been the scene of crimes
against humanity and crimes against nature. Now Ethiopian religious
leaders say Ethiopia is the scene of crimes against divinity. Christian
and Muslim leaders and followers today are standing together and locking
arms to defend religious freedom and each other’s rights to freely
exercise their consciences. But they face a formidable and treacherous
foe who thrives on division and discord. Not long ago, a wicked but
lame attempt was made in broad daylight to spark strife and friction
between Christians and Muslims.
(Nairobi) – The Ethiopian government is forcibly displacing indigenous pastoral communities in Ethiopia’s
Lower Omo valley without adequate consultation or compensation to make
way for state-run sugar plantations, Human Rights Watch said in a report
released today. The report contains previously unpublished government
maps that show the extensive developments planned for the Omo valley,
including irrigation canals, sugar processing factories, and 100,000
hectares of other commercial agriculture.
The 73-page report, “‘What Will Happen if Hunger Comes?’: Abuses against the Indigenous Peoples of Ethiopia’s Lower Omo Valley,”documents
how government security forces are forcing communities to relocate from
their traditional lands through violence and intimidation, threatening
their entire way of life with no compensation or choice of alternative
livelihoods. Government officials have carried out arbitrary arrests and
detentions, beatings, and other violence against residents of the Lower
Omo valley who questioned or resisted the development plans.
“Ethiopia’s ambitious plans for the Omo valley appear to ignore the rights of the people who live there,” said Ben Rawlence,
senior Africa researcher at Human Rights Watch. “There is no shortcut
to development; the people who havelong relied on that land for their
livelihood need to have their property rights respected, including on
consultation and compensation.” http://www.hrw.org/news/2012/06/18/ethiopia-pastoralists-forced-their-land-sugar-plantations
The Lower Omo valley, one of the most remote and culturally diverse
areas on the planet, is home to around 200,000 people from eight unique
agro-pastoral communities who have lived there for as long as anyone can
remember. Their way of life and their identity is linked to the land
and access to the Omo River. The Omo valley is in Ethiopia’s Southern Peoples, Nations, and Nationalities Region (SNNPR),
near the border withKenya, and was designated a UNESCO World Heritage
site in 1980.
The significant changes planned for the Omo valley are linked to the
construction of Africa’s highest dam, the controversial Gibe III
hydropower project, along the Omo River. Downstream, the sugar
plantations will depend on irrigation canals. Although there have been
some independent assessments of the Gibe dam project, to date, the
Ethiopian government has not published any environmental or social impact assessments for the sugar plantations and other commercial agricultural developments in the Omo valley.
Human Rights Watch interviewed more than 35 residents in June 2011,
along with 10 donor officials and at least 30 other witnesses since that
time. At the time of Human Rights Watch’s visit, military units
regularly visited villages to intimidate residents and suppress dissent
related to the sugar plantation development. Soldiers regularly stole or
killed cattle.
“What am I going to eat?” a man of the Mursi ethnic group told Human
Rights Watch. “They said to take all my cattle and to sell them and to
only tie one up at my house. What can I do with only one? I am a Mursi.
If hunger comes I shoot a cow’s neck and drink blood. If we sell them
all for money how will we eat?”
The evidence gathered by Human Rights Watch since its visit
demonstrates that in the past year regional officials and security
forces have forcibly seized land from indigenous communities living and
farming within the areas slated for sugar production. Reports of forced
displacement and the clearing of agricultural land have gathered pace.
Access to the Omo River is critical for the food security and way of
life of the pastoralists who live in the valley. Several community
representatives said that state officials had told them, without any
other discussion, that the communities would need to reduce the number
of their cattle and resettle in one place, and that they would lose
access to the Omo River.
As of June 2012, irrigation canals have been dug, land has been
cleared, and sugar production has begun along the east bank of the
river. Government maps photographed by Human Rights Watch indicate that
the area where sugar cultivation is under way is a fraction of what is
labeled as “Sugar Block One.” Two additional “blocks” of land that will
be taken for sugar cultivation are to follow. Ethiopia’s existing
assessments of the impact of the Gibe dam do not include the impact of
sugar cultivation and irrigation on the flow of the Omo River, or the
downstream impact on Lake Turkana. The massive network of irrigation
canals indicated on the maps suggests that the previous assessments are
insufficient.
The full implementation of the plan could affect at least 200,000
people in the Omo valley and another 300,000 Kenyans living across the
border around Lake Turkana, which derives up to 90 percent of its water
from the Omo River. Human Rights Watch said Kenya should press for new
environmental and social impact assessments that examine the cumulative
impact of the Gibe III dam and the irrigated commercial agriculture
scheme.
These developments – which threaten the economic, social, and cultural
rights of the Omo valley’s indigenous inhabitants – are being carried
out in contravention of domestic and international human rights
standards, which call for the recognition of property rights, with
meaningful consultation, consent, and compensation for loss of land,
livelihoods, and food security, and which state that displacement,
especially of indigenous peoples from their historic homelands, must be
treated as an absolute last resort.
The rights of indigenous peoples are addressed by Ethiopia’s own laws
and constitution, as well as the UN Declaration on the Rights of
Indigenous Peoples and regional human rights treaties and mechanisms
such as the African human rights charter as interpreted by the African
Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights. Under these laws and
agreements, indigenous peoples have property rights over the land they
have historically occupied that must be recognized by the state, and
they can only be displaced with their free, prior, and informed consent.
Even when such consent is given, they must also be fully compensated
for any loss of land, property, or livelihood.
In fact, Ethiopia has not recognized any rights over the land of the
indigenous communities of the area, including tenure security, Human
Rights Watch found. Neither has it taken steps to adequately consult
with, let alone seek the consent of, the indigenous peoples of the Omo
valley, in particular taking into account the scant formal education of
most of the population.
The Ethiopian government has responded to concerns raised by Human
Rights Watch by noting that the plantations will bring benefits to the
indigenous populations in the form of employment. Employment may be a
welcome benefit for affected communities. But the prospect of some jobs
does not remove the urgent need for the government to suspend plantation
development until rigorous assessments have been carried out, the
rights of the indigenous communities over their land has been recognized
and consent sought, and any displacement or acquisition of land is
shown to be strictly necessary, proportionate, and compensation
provided, Human Rights Watch said.
Many international nongovernmental organizations have raised concerns
about potential social and environmental impacts of the Gibe III
hydropower project and have criticized the Ethiopian government for a
lack of transparency and independent assessment. The Ethiopian
government withdrew its request of the World Bank
and African Development Bank for financing of the Gibe dam project but
has not publicized its reasons for doing so. UNESCO’s World Heritage
Committee has recommended suspending the project pending further
independent evaluation of the effect on Lake Turkana.
The Ethiopian government relies on international aid for a significant
percentage of its budget. Security forces and officials from the
regional and district administrations are implementing the plans for the
sugar plantations and telling local residents they must move, without
any consultation or recognition of their rights. A multi-donor funded
program called Protection of Basic Services (PBS) provides hundreds of
millions of dollars to support health, education, and other sectors and
funds the salaries of district government officials across Ethiopia,
including SNNPR region. The main donors to PBS are the World Bank, the
United Kingdom, the European Union, the Netherlands, and Germany.
Human Rights Watch called on the Ethiopian government to suspend the
construction of Gibe III and the associated sugar plantations until
these developments can be carried out in a manner consistent with
national laws and international human rights standards. The Ethiopian
government should recognize the rights of the Omo valley’s indigenous
communities over their historic homelands and engage in meaningful
discussion with them over the future use of their land and compensation
on that basis, prior to further industrial development in South Omo.
Donors should ensure their funding is not supporting forced displacement
or unlawful expropriation of indigenous lands, Human Rights Watch said.
“Ethiopia’s desire to accelerate economic development
is laudable, but recent events in the Omo valley are taking an
unacceptable toll on the rights and livelihoods of indigenous
communities,” Rawlence said. “The government should suspend the process
until it meets basic standards, and donors should make sure their aid is
not facilitating abuses.”
Selected Accounts from “What Will Happen if Hunger Comes” “People disagree with the government on the sugar, but are
afraid of the possible use of force to resettle people and so do not say
much. [We have a] big fear of government here. If you express concern,
you go to jail.”
– Bodi man, June 2011.
“There will be a problem during the dry season. Now there is water, but
when there isn’t if we do not go back to Omo we will need government to
bring water. If they do not, [we] and our cattle will die. We will go
to Omo anyway, if not, we will die, they can kill us there if they
want.”
– Mursi villager, June 2011.
“What am I going to eat? They said to take all my cattle and to sell
them and to only tie one up at my house. What can I do with only one? I
am a Mursi. If hunger comes I shoot a cow’s neck and drink blood. If we
sell them all for money how will we eat? When we get married we marry
with cattle. What will we marry with? What will we eat? When hunger
comes what will we feed our children with? If we just keep chickens will
we eat soup or milk them…? ‘This land is my land,’ say the highland
Ethiopians. ‘Run to the forest like a baboon.’”
– Mursi man describing the importance of cattle, December 2011.
“They [the government officials] cleared out their [Kwegu and Bodi]
gardens. They cleared far and dug up their sorghum. The sorghum was near
ripening; a truck plowed it and cast it away. The Kwegu gardens were
plowed and some Kwegu are now without anything. If their sorghum is
plowed what are they going to eat? What will they give to their kids?”
– Man describing what happened to Bodi and Kwegu farmland that was cleared in December 2011.
“There will be big problems in the areas if all the cattle are given
to the government. What will these people eat, now the drought is really
badly affecting the Horn of Africa? Now the dam has been built, no
water in the river, land has been taken away, the cattle given to the
government, what will happen to the poor people in time of the famine?
Those people who want to wipe out the pastoralists eat three times a
day. What will happen if hunger comes?”
– Mursi man, May 2011.
